MODELS FOR THE PREVENTION OF SECURITY THREATS IN THE CONTEXT OF GLOBALISATION IN THE APPLICATION OF THE HAWALA SYSTEM FOR MONEY LAUNDERING AND OTHER CRIMES
Abstract
Globally, the “Hawala system” is a means of anonymous and untraceable money transfer, and it is this characteristic that makes it a highly socially dangerous phenomenon for any constitutional state, whether or not it has banned the activity per se. In practice, the “Hawala system” allows for the untraceable and anonymous transfer of sums of money, completely bypassing banking institutions and the state bodies that regulate them, as well as tax regulations. In the context of globalisation, measures have been taken in EU and Member State legislation to combat and counteract the creation of such an 'off-bank network' for the transfer of funds. However, in view of the constant evolution of social relations and the urgency of the problem of money laundering and the financing of criminal and terrorist organisations, national law enforcement authorities still face increasing challenges in this area, and difficulties in practice may also dictate the need for new legislative measures.
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